Styles

Type of Resource

Citation Tools

This guide includes examples of citation styles most commonly used by students at Williams College. For additional examples and further information see the print manuals.

Unpublished Sources

Guidelines for Williams students. Use print style manuals for more detailed information.

Williams College Archives

See the Williams Archives and Special Collections Citation Guide for guidance on citing all formats available in the College Archives.

Interview

APA	In APA Style, personal communications are not considered verifiable or recoverable; they should be cited in the text only and not include in the reference list. in text example: (H.C. Payne, personal communication, May 22, 1998)
Chicago (Note)	note: 9. Frederick Rudolph, interview by author, Williamstown, MA, May 15, 2001. bibliography: Rudolph, Frederick. Interview by author. Williamstown, MA, May, 15 2001. "Unpublished interviews are best cited ... in notes, though occasionally appear in bibliographies." (CMS 17.205)
Chicago (Author-Date)	in text: (Rudolp 2001) reference list: "Unpublished interviews are best cited in text ..., though occasionally appear in ... reference lists." (CMS 17.205) Rudolph, Frederick. 2001. Interview by author. Williamstown, MA, May, 15.
MLA	parenthetical reference: It is usually preferable to include in the actual text the name of the person in the corresponding entry in the works cited list rather than using a parenthetical reference. Example: Harry Payne pointed out... bibliography: Payne, Harry C. Personal interview. [or "Telephone interview" or "E-Mail interview" as the case may be.] 22 May 1998.

Manuscript/Unpublished Document

APA	See Publication Manual 4.16F.
Chicago (Note)	See CMS sec. 17.210-233.
Chicago (Author-Date)	See CMS sec. 17.210-233.
MLA	See MLA Handbook 5.8.12-13.