Media

Guidelines for Williams students. Use print style manuals for more detailed information.

Music Score

APA

No example given in APA Publication Manual for Music Score

Chicago
(Note)

note:

1. Charles L. Johnson, "Crazy Bone Rag," in Ragtime Jubilee: 42 Piano Gems, 1911-21, ed. David A. Jasen, 41-45 (Mineola, NY: Dover Publications, 1997).

bibliography:

Johnson, Charles L. "Crazy Bone Rag." In Ragtime Jubilee: 42 Piano Gems, 1911-21, edited by David A. Jasen, 41-45. Mineola, NY: Dover Publications, 1997.

"Published musical scores are treated in much the same way as books." (CMS 17.263)

Chicago
(Author-Date)

in text:
(Johnson 1997)

reference list:

Johnson, Charles L. 1997. Crazy bone rag. In Ragtime jubilee: 42 piano gems, 1911-21, ed. David A. Jasen, 41-45. Mineola, NY: Dover Publications.

MLA

parenthetical reference
(Schoenberg)

bibliography:

Schoenberg, Arnold. A Survivor from Warsaw; For Narrator, Men's Chorus, and Orchestra. Op. 46. Long Island City: Bomart Music Publications, 1949. Print.

Refer to section 5.6.2 for scores online and 5.7.1 for television and radio broadcasts of music.

Sound Recording

APA

in text:
(Desmond, 1959, track 3)

reference list:

Desmond, P. (1959). Take five [recorded by Dave Brubeck Quartet]. On Time out [CD] New York, N.Y.: Columbia. (1987)

Use the original copyright date after the author/composer's name. If the date of the recording is different from the copyright date, place it after the name of the recording label, as above. (Publication Manual, 7.07)

Chicago
(Note)

note:

2. Virginia Eskin, Fluffy Ruffle Girls: Women in Ragtime, Northeastern Records NR 9003-CD.

bibliography:

Eskin, Virginia. Fluffy Ruffle Girls: Women in Ragtime. Northeastern Records NR 9003-CD.

Note: List sound recordings under the composer, writer, or other person responsible for the content. The performer may be added after the title. The recording company and the number of the recording are usually enough to identify the recording. (CMS sec. 17.265-268)

Chicago
(Author-Date)

"..the author-date system is inappropriate for most audiovisual materials. In a work using the author-date system, such materials are best mentioned in running text and grouped in the reference list under a subhead such as 'Sound Recordings.'" (CMS 17.265)

MLA

parenthetical reference:
(Bernstein)

bibliography:

Bernstein, Leonard. Candide: Opera House Version, 1982. Orch. New York City Opera Chorus and Orchestra. Perf. Erie Mills, Joyce Castle, Maris Clement, John Lankston, Jack Harrold, David Eisler, James Billings, Scott Reeve. Cond. John Mauceri. New York: New World Records, 1986. CD.

If citing a medium other than compact disc, indicate that medium after the date; e.g., audiocassette, LP, etc.

Video Recording

APA

in text:
(LaVoo & Brown, 2003)

reference list:

LaVoo, G., & Brown, E. T. (Producers), & Cardozo, P. (Director). (2003). Real womem have curves [DVD]. United States: HBO Video.

Chicago
(Note)

note:

3. Thelma & Louise, videocassette, directed by Ridley Scott (Culver City, CA : MGM/UA Home Video, 1992).

bibliography:

Thelma & Louise. Directed by Ridley Scott. Culver City, CA: MGM/UA Home Video, 1992. Videocassette.

"Facts of publication for video recordings generally follow that of books, with the addition of the type of medium. Scenes (individually accessible in DVDs) are treated as chapters and cited by title or number. Ancillary materials, such as critical commentary, is cited by author and title." (CMS 17.273)

Chicago
(Author-Date)

"..the author-date system is inappropriate for most audiovisual materials. In a work using the author-date system, such materials are best mentioned in running text and grouped in the reference list under a subhead such as '[Video] Recordings.'" (CMS 17.265)

MLA

parenthetical reference:
("Like Water for Chocolate")

bibliography:

Like Water for Chocolate [Como agua para chocolate]. Screenplay by Laura Esquivel. Dir. Alfonso Arau. Perf. Lumi Cavazos, Marco Leonardi, Regina Torne. 1992. Burbank, Calif.: Miramax Home Entertainment, 2000. DVD.

Consult section 5.7.3 of the MLA Handbook for further information about citing films.

Television or Radio Program

APA

in text:
(Writer, year)

reference list:

Daniels, G. (Writer) & Kwapis, K. (Director). (2006). Gay witch hunt [Television series episode]. In G. Daniels (Executive producer), The office. Los Angeles, CA: National Broadcasting Company.

Chicago
(Note)

No example provided in Chicago Manual of Style.

Chicago Manual Q & A provides this example for bibliographies:

Friends. Episode no. 153, first broadcast 16 November 2000 by NBC. Directed by David Schwimmer and written by Scott Silveri.

Chicago
(Author-Date)

No example provided in Chicago Manual of Style.

MLA

parenthetical reference:
("Frederick Douglass")

bibliography:

"Frederick Douglass." Civil War Journal. Narr. Danny Glover. Dir. Craig Haffner. Arts and Entertainment Network. 6 April 1993. Television.