Styles

Type of Resource

Citation Tools

Should I Cite Wikipedia?

This guide includes examples of citation styles most commonly used by students at Williams College. For additional examples and further information see the print manuals.

Books

Guidelines for Williams students. Use print style manuals for more detailed information.

Single Author

APA

in text:
(Austin, 1998)

reference list:

Austin, J. H. (1998). Zen and the brain: Toward an understanding of meditation and consciousness. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Chicago (Note)

note:

1. Tom Nairn, Faces of Nationalism: Janus Revisited (London: New York: Verso, 1997), 17.

bibliography:

Nairn, Tom. Faces of Nationalism: Janus Revisited. London: New York: Verso, 1997.
Chicago
(Author-Date)

in text:
(Nairn 1997)

reference list:

Nairn, Tom. 1997. Faces of nationalism: Janus revisited. London: New York: Verso.
MLA

parenthetical reference:
(Perle 183-185)

bibliography:

Perle, George. Serial Composition and Atonality: an Introduction to the Music of Schoenberg, Berg, and Webern. 6th ed. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1991.

ACS

in-text citation:
See by style info

bibliography:

Chang, R. General Chemistry: The Essential Concepts, 3rd ed.; McGraw-Hill: Boston, 2003.

Multiple Authors

APA

in text:
(Parker & Mokhesi-Parker, 1998)

reference list:

Parker, P., & Mokhesi-Parker, J. (1998). In the shadow of Sharpeville: Apartheid and criminal justice. New York: New York University Press.
Chicago
(Note)

note:

2. Gilbert Geis and Ivan Bunn, A Trial of Witches: A Seventeenth-Century Witchcraft Prosecution (London: Routledge, 1997), 17.

bibliography:

Geis, Gilbert, and Ivan Bunn. A Trial of Witches: a Seventeenth-Century Witchcraft Prosecution. London: Routledge, 1997.
Chicago
(Author-Date)

in text:
(Geis and Bunn 1997)

reference list:

Geis, Gilbert, and Ivan Bunn. 1997. A trial of witches: A seventeenth-century witchcraft prosecution. London: Routledge.

MLA

parenthetical reference:
(Higonnet and Templeton 191)

bibliography:

Higonnet, Margaret R., and Joan Templeton, eds. Reconfigured Spheres: Feminist Explorations of Literary Space. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1994.

Edited Book

APA

in text:
(Ickes, 1998)

reference list:

Ickes, W. (Ed.). (1998). Empathic accuracy. New York: Guilford Press.
Chicago
(Note)

note:

3. Basil Dmytryshym, ed., Imperial Russia: A Source Book, 1700-1917 (New York: Academic International Press, 1999), 35-41.

bibliography:

Dmytryshyn, Basil, ed. Imperial Russia: A Source Book, 1700-1917. New York: Academic International Press, 1999.
Chicago
(Author-Date)

in text:
(Sarat and Stuart 1998)

reference list:

Sarat, Austin and Stuart Scheingold, eds. 1998. Cause lawyering: Political commitments and professional responsibilities. New York: Oxford Univ. Press.

MLA

parenthetical reference:
(Gibbons xii)

bibliography:

Gibbons, Reginald, ed. The Poet's Work: 29 Masters of 20th Century Poetry on the Origins and Practice of their Art. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1979.

ACS

in-text citation:
See by style info

bibliography:

Gbalint-Kurti, G. G. Wavepacket Theory of Photodissociation and Reactive Scattering. In Advances in Chemical Physics; Rice, S. A., Ed.; Wiley: New York, 2004; Vol. 128; p 257.

By Group or Corporate Author

APA

in text:
(World Bank, 1998)

reference list:

World Bank. (1998). Slovak Republic: A strategy for growth and European integration. Washington, D.C.: Author.

Note: when the author and publisher are the same, use the word "Author" as the publisher.
Chicago
(Note)

note:

4. Global Environment Coordination, Facing the Global Environment Challenge (Washington, DC: Global Environment Coordination Division, Environment Dept., The World Bank, 1994), 433.

bibliography:

Global Environment Coordination. Facing the Global Environment Challenge. Washington, DC: Global Environment Coordination Division, Environment Dept., The World Bank, 1994.

Chicago
(Author-Date)

in text:
(Global Environment Coordination 1994)

reference list:

Global Environment Coordination. 1994. Facing the global environment challenge: A progress report on World Bank global environmental operations. Washington, DC: Global Environment Coordination Division, Environment Dept., The World Bank.

MLA

parenthetical reference:
(World Bank 205)

bibliography:

World Bank. Transition, the first ten years : analysis and lessons for Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union. Washington: World Bank, 2002.

Chapter/Essay in a Book

APA

in text:
(Herrmann, 2002)

reference list:

Herrmann, R. K. (2002). Linking theory to evidence in international relations. In W. Carlsnaes, T. Risse, & B. A. Simmons (Eds.), Handbook of International Relations (pp. 119-136). London: SAGE.
Chicago
(Note)

note:

5. Craig H. Roell, "The Piano in the American Home," in The Arts and the American Home, 1980-1930, ed. Jessica H. Foy and Karal Ann Marling (Knoxville, TN: University of Tennessee Press, 1994), 194.

bibliography:

Roell, Craig H. "The Piano in the American Home." In The Arts and the American Home, 1890 - 1930, edited by Jessica H. Foy and Karal Ann Marling, 193-204. Knoxville, TN: University of Tennessee Press, 1994.

Chicago
(Author-Date)

in text:
(Roell 1994)

reference list:

Roell, Craig H. 1994. The piano in the American home. In The arts and the American home, 1890 - 1930, ed. Jessica H. Foy and Karal Ann Marling, 193-204. Knoxville, TN: University of Tennessee Press.

MLA

parenthetical reference:
(Calvino 15)

bibliography:

Calvino, Italo. "Cybernetics and Ghosts." The Uses of Literature: Essays. Trans. Patrick Creagh. San Diego: Harcourt, 1982. 3-27.

Article from a Reference Book

APA

in text:
(Campbell, 2002)

reference list:

Campbell, H. (2002). Pan-Africanism. In Krieger, J. (Ed.), The Oxford companion to politics of the world (pp. 631-633). Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Note: if there is no author, place the title in the author position.
Chicago
(Note)

note:

6. Dictionary of American Biography, s.v. "Washington, George."

For online reference sources, include URL and date of access.

bibliography:

Well-known encyclopedias and dictionaries are usually not listed in the bibliography. For other reference works, cite as a book. (for more information, see CMS )

Chicago
(Author-Date)

in text:
Include in running text. Example: "In his article on psychology in the 11th edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica, James Ward...."

reference list:

Not usually included in the reference list. (CMS sec. 17.238).
MLA

parenthetical reference:
(Watt 925)

bibliography:

Loizou, Andros. "Theories of Justice: Rawls." Encyclopedia of Applied Ethics. Ed. Ruth Chadwick. San Diego: Academic Press, 1998.

Note: for standard, familiar reference works, such as the Encyclopaedia Britannica, do not list the full publishing information, just the year of publication; for multi-volume works, give number of volumes (x vols.) before place of publication.
ACS

in-text citation:
See by style info

bibliography:

Powder Metallurgy. Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, 3rd ed.; Wiley: New York, 1982; Vol. 19, pp 28-62.