Styles

Type of Resource

Citation Tools

Should I Cite Wikipedia?

This guide includes examples of citation styles most commonly used by students at Williams College. For additional examples and further information see the print manuals.

Articles

Guidelines for Williams students. Use print style manuals for more detailed information.

Journal Articles, One Author

APA

in text:
(Blass, 1997)

reference list:

Blass, E. M. (1997). Interactions between contact and chemosensory mechanisms in pain modulation in 10-day-old rats. Behavioral Neuroscience, 111, 147-154.

Chicago (Note)

note:

1. Ilya Bodonski, "Caring among the Forgotten," Journal of Social Activism 14, no.3 (1989):117.

bibliography:

Bodonski, Ilya. "Caring among the Forgotten." Journal of Social Activism 14, no.3 (1989): 112-34.
Chicago
(Author-Date)

in text:
(Bondonski 1989)

reference list:

Bondonski, Ilya. 1989. Caring among the forgotten. Journal of Social Activism 14 (Fall): 112-34.

MLA

parenthetical reference:
(Wolff 231)

bibliography:

Wolff, Larry. "'The Boys are Pickpockets, and the Girl is a Prostitute': Gender and Juvenile Criminality in Early Victorian England from Oliver Twist to London Labour." New Literary History 27 (1996): 227-249.

Note: If each issue of the journal begins with page number 1, include the issue number. For example ...27.1 (1996): 25-47.

Journal Articles, Multiple Authors

APA

in text:
(Gagne, Tewksbury, & McGaughey, 1997)

reference list:

Gagne, P., Tewksbury, R., & McGaughey, D. (1997). Coming out and crossing over: Identity formation and proclamation in a transgender community. Gender and Society, 11, 478-508.
Chicago
(Note)

note:

2. Arthur Carter and Margaret Speigel, "Childhood in Alsace," Journal of Modern History 74, no.4 (2002):741.

bibliography:

Carter, Arthur and Margaret Speigel. "Childhood in Alsace." Journal of Modern History 74, no.4 (2002):738-79.
Chicago
(Author-Date)

in text:
(Liker and Szekely 1997)

reference list:

Liker, Andras and Tamas Szekely. 1997. Aggression among female lapwings, Vanellus vanellus. Animal Behaviour. 54 (3): 797-802.

MLA

parenthetical reference:
(Millán-Zaibert and Zaibert 33)

bibliography:

Millán-Zaibert, Elisabeth and Leo Zaibert. "El Análisis Filosófico." Cuadernos Hispanoamericanos 627 (2002): 29-35.

ACS

in-text citation:
See by style info

bibliography:

Evans, D. A.; Fitch, D. M.; Smith, T. E.; Cee, V. J. Application of Complex Aldol Reactions to the Total Synthesis of Phorboxazole B. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2000, 122, 10033-10046.

Magazine Articles

APA

in text:
(Henry, 1990)

reference list:

Henry, W. A., III (1990, April 9) Beyond the melting pot. Time, 135, 28-31.
Chicago
(Note)

note:

3. Scott Spencer, "Childhood's End," Harper's, May 1979, 16.

bibliography:

Spencer, Scott. "Childhood's End." Harper's, May 1979, 16-19.
Chicago
(Author-Date)

in text:
(Birnbaum 1998)

reference list:

Birnbaum, Jeffrey H. 1998. How to succeed at damage control. Fortune, March 30, 173-176.

MLA

parenthetical reference:
(Lerner 42)

bibliography:

Lerner, Barbara. "America's Schools: Still Failing After All These Years." National Review 15 Sep. 1997: 42+.

Note: use the + sign if the pages are not consecutive; 42-44 would be the correct way if this article ran on consecutive pages; do not give the volume and issue number, even if they are available.
ACS

in-text citation:
See by style info

bibliography:

Manning, R. Super Organics. Wired, May 2004, pp 176-181.

Newspapers

APA

in text:
(Young, 2003)

reference list:

Young, J. (2003, February 14). Prozac campus: more students seek counseling and take psychiatric medication. The Chronicle of Higher Education, pp. A37-38.
Chicago
(Note)

note:

4. Steven Erlanger, "Pact on Israeli Pullback Hinges on Defining Army's Role," New York Times, sec. A, May 8, 1998.
"Because a newspaper's issue of any given day may include several editions, and items may be moved or eliminated in various editions, page numbers are best omitted. (CMS sec. 17.188)

bibliography:

Newspapers are usually cited in notes, not bibliographies. (CMS sec. 17.191) If a bibliographic entry is included, it would be formatted as follows:

Erlanger, Steve. "Pact on Israeli Pullback Hinges on Defining Army's Role," New York Times, May 8, 1998, sec. A.

Chicago
(Author-Date)

It is preferable to include newspaper references in running text (CMS 17.191).

Example: In his 8 May 1998 New York Times article "Pact on Israeli Pullback Hinges on Defining Army's role," Steven Erlanger states...

If the newspaper citation needs to be included in the reference list, follow this model:

Erlanger, Steven. 1998. Pact on Israeli pullback hinges on defining Army's role. New York Times, May 8, sec. A.

MLA

parenthetical reference:
(Kennedy N1)

bibliography:

Kennedy, Louise. "Same Old Song." Boston Globe 9 March 2003, late ed.: N1+.

Article from a Full-text Database

Note: Different web browsers break the text in different places of a URL. The URL should begin on the same line as the rest of the citation information, with a break inserted after a slash, if needed.

APA

in text:
(Hicks, Jones, Renner, & Schmaling, 1995)

reference list:

Hicks, J. E., Jones, J. F. Renner, J. H., & Schmaling, K. (1995). Chronic fatigue syndrome: strategies that work. Patient Care, 29(10), 55. Retrieved March 17, 2002, from InfoTrac Web Expanded Academic ASAP database.
Chicago
(Note)

note:

5. Wendy Zellner, "An Insider's Tale Of Enron's Toxic Culture," Business Week, March 31, 2003, 16, http://web.lexis-nexis.com/universe/form/
academic/s_guidednews.html.

bibliography:

Zellner, Wendy. "An Insider's Tale of Enron's Toxic Culture." Business Week March 31, 2003, 16. http://web.lexis-nexis.com/universe/form/
academic/s_guidednews.html.
Chicago
(Author-Date)

in text:
(Zellner 2003)

reference list:

Zellner, Wendy. 2003. An insider's tale of Enron's toxic culture. Business Week March 31, 16. http://web.lexis-nexis.com/universe/form/academic/
s_guidednews.html.
MLA

parenthetical reference:
(Andreatta 51)

bibliography:

Andreatta, Filippo. "Italy at a Crossroads: The Foreign Policy of a Medium Power after the End of Bipolarity." Daedalus 130.2: 45- . Expanded Academic ASAP. Gale Group Databases. Williams College Library. 9 March 2003. <http://www.infotrac.galegroup.com>.

ACS

in-text citation:
See by style info

bibliography:

Begley, S. When Does Your Brain Stop Making New Neurons? Newsweek [Online] July 2, 2007, p 62. Expanded Academic Index. http:/galegroup.com (accessed Aug 23, 2007).

Article from an E-Journal Collection

Note: Different web browsers break the text in different places of a URL. The URL should begin on the same line as the rest of the citation information, with a break inserted after a slash, if needed.

APA

in text:
(Hamilton, 1992)

reference list:

Hamilton, C. (1992). A way of seeing: culture as political expression in the works of C.L.R. James. Journal of Black Studies, 22 (3), 429-443. Retrieved February 26, 2003 from JSTOR database.

Chicago
(Note)

note:

6. Miguel Edward, "Tribe or Nation? Nation Building and Public Goods in Kenya versus Tanzania," World Politics 56, no.3 (2004): 330, http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/world_politics/
v056/56.3miguel.html.

bibliography:

Miguel, Edward. "Tribe or Nation? Nation Building and Public Goods in Kenya versus Tanzania." World Politics 56, no. 3 (2004): 327-362. http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/world_politics/
v056/56.3miguel.html.

Note: if the article has a DOI, use it in place of the page numbers. See Chicago Manual of Style sec. 17.181 for more information and example.
Chicago
(Author-Date)

in text:
(Oakley 1998)

reference list:

Miguel, Edward. 2004. Tribe or nation? Nation building and public goods in Kenya versus Tanzania World Politics 56 (3): 327-362. http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/world_politics/
v056/56.3miguel.html.

Note: if the article has a DOI, use it in place of the page numbers. See Chicago Manual of Style sec. 17.181 for more information and example.
MLA

parenthetical reference:
(Brooks 177)

bibliography:

Brooks, Gwendolyn. "Henry Dumas: Perceptiveness and Zeal." Black American Literature Forum 22 (1988): 177. JSTOR. 9 March 2003. <http://www.jstor.org/cgi-bin/jstor/gensearch>.
ACS

in-text citation:
See by style info

bibliography:

Peacock-Lopez, E. Exact Solutions of the Quantum Double Square-Well Potential. Chem. Ed. [Online] 2007, 11, 383-393 http://chemeducator.org/bibs/0011006/11060380lb.htm (accessed Aug 23, 2007).

Article from a free web e-journal

Note: Different web browsers break the text in different places of a URL. The URL should begin on the same line as the rest of the citation information, with a break inserted after a slash, if needed.

APA

in text:
(Yu & Seligman, 2002)

reference list:

Yu, D. L., & Seligman, M. E. P. (2002, May 8). Preventing Depressive symptoms in Chinese children. Prevention & Treatment, 5, Article 9. Retrieved May 6, 2003, from http://journals.apa.org/prevention/volume5/ pre0050009a.html
Chicago
(Note)

note:

7. Robert Shrum, "Taxing Clinton's Character," Slate, June 25, 1996, http://slate.msn.com/id/1573/.

bibliography:

Shrum, Robert. "Taxing Clinton's Character." Slate, June 25, 1996. http://slate.msn.com/id/.

Note: if the article has a DOI, use it in place of the page numbers. See Chicago Manual of Style sec. 17.181 for more information and example.
Chicago
(Author-Date)

in text:
(Shrum 1996)

reference list:

Shrum, Robert. 1996. Taxing Clinton's character. Slate, June 25. http://slate.msn.com/id/.

Note: if the article has a DOI, use it in place of the page numbers. See Chicago Manual of Style sec. 17.181 for more information and example.
MLA

parenthetical reference:
If the work does not have page numbers or paragraph numbers, include in the text the name of the person that begins the corresponding entry in the works cited list, instead of using a parenthetical reference. For more information see MLA Handbook sections 6.4.1 and 6.4.2.
"Castle points out..."

bibliography:

Castle, Robert. "From Desperation to Salvation: Concealing and Revealing Nothing in History." Archipelago 6.2-3 (2003). 9 March 2003. <http://www.archipelago.org/vol6-3/castle.htm>.