Guidelines for Williams students. Use print style manuals for more detailed information.
| APA | in text: reference list: Oware, M. (2009). A "Man's Woman"? Contradictory messages in the songs of female rappers, 1992-2000. Journal of Black Studies, 39(5), 786-802. doi:10.1177/0021934707302454 |
| Chicago (Note) | note: bibliography: Bodonski, Ilya. "Caring among the Forgotten." Journal of Social Activism 14, no.3 (1989): 112-34. |
| Chicago (Author-Date) |
in text: reference list: Bondonski, Ilya. 1989. "Caring Among the Forgotten." Journal of Social Activism 14 (Fall): 112-34. |
| MLA | parenthetical reference: bibliography: Wolff, Larry. "'The Boys are Pickpockets, and the Girl is a Prostitute': Gender and Juvenile Criminality in Early Victorian England from Oliver Twist to London Labour." New Literary History 27.2 (1996): 227-249. Print. Note: Provide issue numbers (if available) in addition to volume numbers, for all items in the Works Cited list, even if the volume pagination is continuous. See section 5.4.1 of MLA Handbook. |
| APA | in text: reference list: Ko, C. H., Yen, J. Y., Liua, S. C., Huanga, C. F., & Yen, C. F. (2009). The associations between aggressive behaviors and internet addiction and online activities in adolescents. Journal of Adolescent Health, 6, 598-605. doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2008.11.011 in text: reference list: Burger, J., Gochfeld, M., Jeitner, C., Burke, S., Stamm, T., Snigaroff, R., ... Weston, J. (2007). Mercury levels and potential risk from subsistence foods from the Aleutians. Science of The Total Environment, 384, 93-105. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2007.05.004 When authors number eight or more, include the first six names, then three ellipses, and then the last author's name. (Publication Manual, Chapter 7.01.2) |
| Chicago (Note) |
note: bibliography: Carter, Arthur and Margaret Speigel. "Childhood in Alsace." Journal of Modern History 74, no.4 (2002):738-79. |
| Chicago (Author-Date) |
in text: reference list: Liker, Andras and Tamas Szekely. 1997. "Aggression Among Female Lapwings, Vanellus vanellus. Animal Behaviour. 54 (3): 797-802. |
| MLA | parenthetical reference: bibliography: Millán-Zaibert, Elisabeth and Leo Zaibert. "El Análisis Filosófico." Cuadernos Hispanoamericanos 627 (2002): 29-35. Print. |
| ACS | in-text citation: bibliography: Evans, D. A.; Fitch, D. M.; Smith, T. E.; Cee, V. J. Application of Complex Aldol Reactions to the Total Synthesis of Phorboxazole B. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2000, 122, 10033-10046. |
| APA | in text: reference list: Henry, W. A., III (1990, April 9). Beyond the melting pot. Time, 135(4), 28-31.
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| Chicago (Note) |
note: bibliography: Spencer, Scott. "Childhood's End." Harper's, May 1979, 16-19. |
| Chicago (Author-Date) |
in text: reference list: Birnbaum, Jeffrey H. 1998. "How to Succeed at Damage Control." Fortune, March 30, 173-176. |
| MLA | parenthetical reference: bibliography: Lerner, Barbara. "America's Schools: Still Failing After All These Years." National Review 15 Sep. 1997: 42+. Print. Note: use the + sign if the pages are not consecutive; 42-44 would be the correct way if this article ran on consecutive pages; do not give the volume and issue number, even if they are available. |
| ACS | in-text citation: bibliography: Manning, R. Super Organics. Wired, May 2004, pp 176-181. |
| APA | in text: reference list: Young, J. (2003, February 14). Prozac campus: More students seek counseling and take psychiatric medication. The Chronicle of Higher Education, pp. A37-38. If the article was found through the newspaper's website, include "Retrieved from" and the URL of the home page. (Publication Manual, 7.01.11) |
| Chicago (Note) |
note: bibliography: Newspapers are usually cited in notes, not bibliographies. (CMS 14.206) If a bibliographic entry is included, it would be formatted as follows: Erlanger, Steve. "Pact on Israeli Pullback Hinges on Defining Army's Role," New York Times, May 8, 1998, sec. A. |
| Chicago (Author-Date) |
It is preferable to include newspaper references in running text (CMS 15.47). Example: In his 8 May 1998 New York Times article "Pact on Israeli Pullback Hinges on Defining Army's Role," Steven Erlanger states... If the newspaper citation needs to be included in the reference list, follow this model: Erlanger, Steven. 1998. "Pact on Israeli Pullback Hinges on Defining Army's Role." New York Times, May 8, sec. A. |
| MLA | parenthetical reference: bibliography: Kennedy, Louise. "Same Old Song." Boston Globe 9 March 2003, late ed.: N1+. Print. |
Note: Different web browsers break the text in different places of a URL. The URL should begin on the same line as the rest of the citation information, with a break inserted after a slash, if needed.
| APA | APA does not make a distinction among types of online articles. Use the generic article citation example. in text: reference list: Oware, M. (2009). A "Man's Woman"? Contradictory messages in the songs of female rappers, 1992-2000. Journal of Black Studies, 39(5), 786-802. doi:10.1177/0021934707302454 |
| Chicago (Note) |
note: bibliography: Zellner, Wendy. "An Insider's Tale of Enron's Toxic Culture." Business Week March 31, 2003, 16. LexisNexis Academic. |
| Chicago (Author-Date) |
in text: reference list: Zellner, Wendy. 2003. "An Insider's Tale of Enron's Toxic Culture." Business Week March 31, 16. http://web.lexis-nexis.com/universe/form/academic/ |
| MLA | parenthetical reference: bibliography: Andreatta, Filippo. "Italy at a Crossroads: The Foreign Policy of a Medium Power after the End of Bipolarity." Daedalus 130.2: 45-65. Expanded Academic ASAP. Web. 9 March 2009. |
| ACS | in-text citation: bibliography: Begley, S. When Does Your Brain Stop Making New Neurons? Newsweek [Online] July 2, 2007, p 62. Expanded Academic Index. http:/galegroup.com (accessed Aug 23, 2007). |
Note: Different web browsers break the text in different places of a URL. The URL should begin on the same line as the rest of the citation information, with a break inserted after a slash, if needed.
| APA | APA does not make a distinction among types of online articles. Use the generic article citation example. in text: reference list: Oware, M. (2009). A "Man's Woman"? Contradictory messages in the songs of female rappers, 1992-2000. Journal of Black Studies, 39(5), 786-802. doi:10.1177/0021934707302454 |
| Chicago (Note) |
note: bibliography: Miguel, Edward. "Tribe or Nation? Nation Building and Public Goods in Kenya versus Tanzania." World Politics 56, no. 3 (2004): 327-362. http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/world_politics/v056/56.3miguel.html. Note: if the article has a DOI, use it in place of the page numbers. See Chicago Manual of Style sec.14.184 for more information and example. |
| Chicago (Author-Date) |
in text: reference list: Miguel, Edward. 2004. "Tribe or Nation? Nation Building and Public Goods in Kenya versus Tanzania." World Politics 56 (3): 327-362. http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/world_politics/v056/56.3miguel.html. Note: if the article has a DOI, use it in place of the page numbers. See Chicago Manual of Style sec. 15.9 for more information and examples. |
| MLA | parenthetical reference:
bibliography: Brooks, Gwendolyn. "Henry Dumas: Perceptiveness and Zeal." Black American Literature Forum 22.2 (1988): 177. JSTOR. Web. 9 March 2009. |
| ACS | in-text citation: bibliography: Peacock-Lopez, E. Exact Solutions of the Quantum Double Square-Well Potential. Chem. Ed. [Online] 2007, 11, 383-393 http://chemeducator.org/bibs/0011006/11060380lb.htm (accessed Aug 23, 2007). |
Note: Different web browsers break the text in different places of a URL. The URL should begin on the same line as the rest of the citation information, with a break inserted after a slash, if needed.
| APA | APA does not make a distinction among types of online articles. Use the generic article citation example. in text: reference list: Oware, M. (2009). A "Man's Woman"? Contradictory messages in the songs of female rappers, 1992-2000. Journal of Black Studies, 39(5), 786-802. doi:10.1177/0021934707302454 |
| Chicago (Note) |
note: bibliography: Shrum, Robert. "Taxing Clinton's Character." Slate, June 25, 1996. http://slate.msn.com/id/. Note: if the article has a DOI, use it in place of the page numbers. See Chicago Manual of Style 14.184 for more information and example. |
| Chicago (Author-Date) |
in text: reference list: Shrum, Robert. 1996. "Taxing Clinton's Character." Slate, June 25. http://slate.msn.com/id/. Note: if the article has a DOI, use it in place of the page numbers. See Chicago Manual of Style sec. 15.9 for more information and example. |
| MLA | parenthetical reference: bibliography: Castle, Robert. "From Desperation to Salvation: Concealing and Revealing Nothing in History." Archipelago 6.3 (2003): n. pag. Web. 9 March 2009. Note: n. pag. means that the publication does not have pagination. |